He came from a rural priest's family. He studied at the University Gymnasium in Moscow and then at Moscow University. From 1780 he taught Latin and Greek at the University Gymnasium and translated the minutes of general meetings of the Academy of Sciences from Latin into Russian. After receiving a second degree at Moscow University Medical Faculty, he went to Leiden to study; there he received his degree as Doctor of Medicine (1787). A freemason close to Nikolai Novikov and Johann Georg Schwarz, he worked in a medical practice in Moscow. When freemasons were prosecuted in Moscow in 1792, he was arrested and held in the Schlüsselburg fortress "for the translation of corrupt books".
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